Common pronunciations (in British English – Gimson,1981) of mathematical and scientific symbols are given in the list below.
Symbols
| + | plus | /’plʌs/ |
| – | minus | /’maɪnəs/ |
| ± | plus or minus | /’plʌs ɔ: ‘maɪnəs/ |
| x | multiplied by | /’mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/ |
| / | over; divided by | /’əʊvə/ /dɪ’vaɪdəd/ |
| ÷ | divided | /dɪ’vaɪdəd/ |
| = | equals | /’ɪ:kwəlz/ |
| ≈ | approximately, similar | /ə’prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /’sɪmɪlə tʊ/ |
| ≡ | equivalent to; identical | /ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/ |
| ≠ | not equal to | /’nɒt ‘iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| > | greater than | /’greɪtə ðən/ |
| < | less than | /’les ðən/ |
| ≥ | greater than or equal to | /’greɪtə ðən ər ‘iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| ≤ | less than or equal to | /’les ðən ər’ iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| ⊁ | not greater than | /’nɒt ‘greɪtə ðən/ |
| ⊀ | not less than | /’nɒt ‘les ðən/ |
| ≫ | much greater than | /’mʌʧ ‘greɪtə ðən/ |
| ≪ | much less than | /’mʌʧ ‘les ðən/ |
| ⊥ | perpendicular to | /pɜːpən’dɪkjʊlə tʊ/ |
| ∣∣ | parallel to | /’pærəlel tʊ/ |
| ≢ | not equivalent to, not identical to | /’nɒt ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /’nɒt aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/ |
| ≄≉ | not similar to | /’nɒt ‘sɪmɪlə tʊ/ |
| ² | squared | /’skweəd/ |
| ³ | cubed | /’kju:bd/ |
| 4 | to the fourth; to the power four | /tə ðə ‘fɔːθ/ /te ðə ‘pɑʊə fɔː/ |
| n | to the n; to the nth; to the power n | /tə ðɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə ðə pɑʊər en/ |
| √ | root; square root | /ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/ |
| ∛ | cube root | /kju:b ru:t/ |
| ∜ | fourth root | /fɔːθ ruːt/ |
| ! | factorial | /fæk’tɔːrɪəl/ |
| % | percent | /pə’sent/ |
| ∞ | infinity | /ɪn’fɪnətɪ/ |
| ∝ | varies as; proportional to | /’vɛərɪz/ /prə’pɔːʃənəl/ |
| ˙ | dot | /dɒt/ |
| ¨ | double dot | /dʌbl dɒt/ |
| : | is to, ratio of | /reɪʃɪəʊ/ |
| f(x) fx | f; function | /ef/ /’fʌŋkʃən/ |
| f'(x) | f dash; derivative | /dæʃ/ /dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ |
| f”x | f double-dash; second derivative | /’dʌbl dæʃ/ /’sekənd dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ |
| f”'(x) | f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative | /’trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ |
| f(4) | f four; fourth derivative | /fɔːθ dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ |
| ∂ | partial derivative, delta | /paːʃəl dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/ |
| ∫ | integral | /’ɪntɪgrəl/ |
| ∑ | sum | /sʌm/ |
| w.r.t. | with respect to | /wɪð ‘rɪspekt/ |
| log | log | /lɒg/ |
| log₂x | log to the base 2 of x | /lɒg tə ðə beɪs tu: əv eks/ |
| ∴ | therefore | /’ðɛəfɔː/ |
| ∵ | because | /bɪ’kɒz/ |
| → | gives, leads to, approaches | /gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/ |
| / | per | /pɜ:/ |
| ∈ | belongs to; a member of; an element of | /bɪ’lɒŋz/ /’membə/ /’elɪmənt/ |
| ∉ | does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of | /nɒt bɪ’lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə ‘membə/ /nɒt ən ‘elɪmənt/ |
| ⊂ | contained in; a proper subset of | /kən’teɪnd ɪn/ /’prɒpə ‘sʌbset/ |
| ⊆ | contained in; subset | /’sʌbset/ |
| ⋂ | intersection | /’ɪntəsekʃən/ |
| ⋃ | union | /’juːnɪən/ |
| ∀ | for all | /fə rɔ:l/ |
| cos x | cos x; cosine x | /kɒz/ |
| sin x | sine x | /saɪn/ |
| tan x | tangent x | /tan/ |
| cosec x | cosec x | /’kəʊsek/ |
| sinh x | shine x | /’ʃaɪn/ |
| cosh x | cosh x | /’kɒʃ/ |
| tanh x | than x | /θæn/ |
| |x| | mod x; modulus x | /mɒd/ /’mɒdjʊləs/ |
| ℃ | degrees Centigrade | /dɪ’gri:z ‘sentɪgreɪd/ |
| ℉ | degrees Fahrenheit | /dɪ’gri:z ‘færənhaɪt/ |
| °K | degrees Kelvin | /dɪ’gri:z ‘kelvɪn/ |
| 0°K, –273.15 °C | absolute zero | /absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/ |
| mm | millimetre | /’mɪlɪmiːtə/ |
| cm | centimetre | /’sentɪmiːtə/ |
| cc, cm³ | cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed | /’kjuːbɪk ‘sentɪmiːtə/ /’sentɪmiːtə ‘kju:bd/ |
| m | metre | /’miːtə/ |
| km | kilometre | /kɪ’lɒmɪtə/ |
| mg | milligram | /’mɪlɪgræm/ |
| g | gram | /græm/ |
| kg | kilogram | /’kɪləgræm/ |
| AC | A.C. | /eɪ si:/ |
| DC | D.C. | /di: si:/ |
Examples
| x + 1 | x plus one |
| x -1 | x minus one |
| x ± 1 | x plus or minus one |
| xy | x y; x times y; x multiplied by y |
| (x — y)(x + y) | x minus y, x plus y |
| x/y | x over y; x divided by y; |
| x ÷ y | x divided by y |
| x = 5 | x equals 5; x is equal to 5 |
| x ≈ y | x is approximately equal to y |
| x ≡ y | x is equivalent to y; x is identical with y |
| x ≠ y | x is not equal to y |
| x > y | x is greater than y |
| x < y | x is less than y |
| x ≥ y | x is greater than or equal to y |
| x ≤ y | x is less than or equal to y |
| 0 < x < 1 | zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1 |
| 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 | zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1 |
| x² | x squared |
| x³ | x cubed |
| x4 | x to the fourth; x to the power four |
| xn | x to the n; x to the nth; x to the power n |
| x-n | x to the minus n; x to the power of minus n |
| √ | root x; square root x; the square root of x |
| ∛ | the cube root of x |
| ∜ | the fourth root of x |
 | the nth root of x |
| (x + y)² | x plus y all squared |
| (x/y)² | x over y all squared |
| n! | n factorial; factorial n |
| x% | x percent |
| ∞ | infinity |
| x ∝ y | x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y |
| x ∝ 1/y | x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y |
| ẋ | x dot |
| ẍ | x double dot |
| f(x) fx | f of x; the function of x |
| f'(x) | f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x |
| f”x | f double-dash x; the second derivative of f with respect to x |
| f”'(x) | f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative of f with respect to x |
| f(4) | f four x; the fourth derivative of f with respect to x |
| ∂v | the partial derivative of v |
| ∂v ∂θ | delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| ∂²v ∂θ² | delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| dv | the derivative of v |
| dv dθ | d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta |
| d²v dθ² | d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta, |
| ∫ | integral |
 | integral from zero to infinity |
| ∑ | sum |
 | the sum from i equals 1 to n |
| w.r.t. | with respect to |
| logey | log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y |
| ∴ | therefore |
| ∵ | because |
| → | gives, approaches |
| Δx → 0 | delta x approaches zero |
| lim Δx→0 | the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero |
| Lt Δx→0 | the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero |
| m/sec | metres per second |
| x ∈ A | x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A |
| x∉ A | x does not belong to A; x is not a member of A; x is not an element of A |
| A⊂ B | A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B |
| A ⊆ B | A is contained in B; A is a subset of B |
| A ⋂ B | A intersection B |
| A ⋃ B | A union B |
| cos x | cos x; cosine x |
| sin x | sine x |
| tan x | tangent x, tan x |
| cosec x | cosec x |
| sinh x | shine x |
| cosh x | cosh x |
| tanh x | than x |
| |x| | mod x; modulus x |
| 18 ℃ | eighteen degrees Centigrade |
| 70 ℉ | seventy degrees Fahrenheit |
Có nhiều biểu tượng thông dụng hàng ngày như dấu chấm, dấu phẩy, dấu chấm cảm, dấu ngoặc đơn, ngoặc kép, ngoặc vuông, dấu a còng dùng trong địa chỉ email..vv ta cần phải biết cách diễn đạt trong tiếng Anh.
. dấu chấm cuối câu = period (kiểu Mỹ) hoặc Full Stop (kiểu Anh, Úc, Tân Tây Lan)
, dấu phẩy = comma
: dấu hai chấm = colon
; dấu chấm phẩy = semicolon
! dấu chấm cảm = exclamation mark
? dấu hỏi = question mark
– dấu gạch ngang = hyphen
‘ dấu phẩy phía trên bên phải một từ dùng trong sở hữu cách hoặc viết tắt một số từ = apostrophe
— dấu gạch ngang dài = dash
‘ ‘ dấu trích dẫn đơn = single quotation mark
” ” dấu trích dẫn kép = double quotation marks
( ) dấu ngoặc = parenthesis (hoặc ‘brackets’)
[ ] dấu ngoặc vuông = square brackets& dấu và (and) = ampersand
→ dấu mũi tên = arrow
+ dấu cộng = plus
– dấu trừ = minus
± dấu cộng hoặc trừ = plus or minus
× dấu nhân = is multiplied by
÷ dấu chia = is divided by
= dấu bằng = is equal to
≠ is not equal to
≡ is equivalent to
< is less than
> is more than
≤ is less than or equal to
≥ is more than or equal to
% dấu phần trăm = per cent (không thêm S bao giờ)
∞ dấu vô cực = infinity
° biểu tượng độ = degree
°C biểu tượng độ C = degree(s) Celsius
′ biểu tượng phút = minute
” biểu tượng giây = second
# biểu tượng số = number
@ dấu a còng hay a móc = at (123@yahoo.com đọc là ‘123 at yahoo dot com’)
. dấu chấm không phải chấm cuối câu = dot (123@yahoo.com đọc là ‘123 at yahoo dot com’)
\ dấu suyệt phải = back slash
/ dấu suyệt trái = slash hoặc forward slash
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